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Dział ENG.1.6›Reading & Speaking: przyczyna i skutek, wnioski i porady

Reading & Speaking: przyczyna i skutek, wnioski i porady

Reading & SpeakingCause & effectInference & advice

Rozpoznawanie związków przyczynowo-skutkowych w tekstach to kluczowa umiejętność maturalna. W mówieniu — formułowanie logicznych wniosków i udzielanie rad w dyskusji o sukcesie.

⏱ ~94 min
Reading & Speaking: przyczyna i skutek, wnioski i porady

Po tej lekcji będziesz umieć

Reading & SpeakingCause & effectInference & advice
Zaznacz, gdy opanujesz
  • znaleźć w tekście przyczynę i skutek,
  • używać because, so, therefore, as a result i due to,
  • odróżnić fakt z tekstu od własnego wniosku,
  • dać krótką poradę za pomocą should / can / ought to,
  • zbudować odpowiedź speaking w stylu maturalnym.

Po co przyczyna i skutek na maturze?

Na maturze często trzeba wyjaśnić, dlaczego coś się stało, jaki był skutek i co ktoś powinien zrobić. Punkt zdobywasz wtedy, gdy odwołujesz się do danych z tekstu, a nie piszesz ogólników.

Słabo: The customer was angry. → Dobrze: The customer was angry because the product was damaged, so she wanted a refund.

Cause → effect → inference map

Reasoning map

Cause → Effect → Inference → Advice

Rozbij tekst na cztery kroki rozumowania

1the product was damaged
2the customer wanted a refund
3the shop made a mistake
4keep the receipt and contact customer service
1the customer lost the receipt
2the shop refused a refund
3a receipt is important
4keep receipts after shopping

Cause = co się stało; Effect = skutek; Inference = wniosek; Advice = co zrobić.

Reading strategy — how to read

Jak czytać tekst z przyczyną i skutkiem
  • Znajdź problem lub wydarzenie.
  • Podkreśl cause markers: because, because of, due to.
  • Podkreśl effect markers: so, therefore, as a result.
  • Oddziel fakt z tekstu od własnego wniosku.
  • Dopiero potem napisz poradę lub odpowiedź.

Cause and effect connectors

Cause markers
becausebecause ofdue toassince

"She returned the phone because it was broken."

because + zdanie; because of / due to + rzeczownik.

Effect markers
sothereforeas a resultthat's why

"The product was faulty, so the customer asked for a refund."

so / as a result łączą skutek.

Inference
this means thatwe can infer thatit shows that

"This means that the customer was not satisfied."

wniosek na podstawie tekstu.

Inference chunks

This means that...This suggests that...We can infer that...It shows that...The customer probably...The shop probably...

Advice chunks

The customer should...It would be a good idea to...The best solution is to...They could...They ought to...

We can infer that the customer was unhappy because the delivery was late. The customer should contact the shop because the product is faulty.

Uwaga

Before listening

  1. What should you do if a product you bought online does not work?
  2. Which words can show cause and effect in English?
Before listening — model answers
✓ Show model answers
1. You should contact customer service, keep the receipt and ask for a refund or an exchange.
2. because, so, therefore, as a result, due to, that's why.

Przykład

Listen in context — The headphones don't work

The headphones don't work
A2+/B1 · ~75s · Maya & Leo
Listen to Maya and Leo discussing a faulty product — identifying the cause, effect, inference and the best advice to resolve the situation.
Listen for:causeeffectinferenceadviceconnectors
📄 Pokaż transkrypt
Maya: Hi, Leo. You look annoyed. What happened?
Leo: I bought new headphones online yesterday, but they don't work.
Maya: Really? What's wrong with them?
Leo: The left headphone is completely silent. I charged them for two hours, but nothing changed. Because they are faulty, I can't use them for my online lessons.
Maya: That's frustrating. Did you keep the receipt?
Leo: Yes, I have the receipt and the order confirmation email.
Maya: Good. If the product is faulty, you should contact customer service. You could ask for a refund or an exchange.
Leo: I wanted to go to the shop, but I bought them online.
Maya: Then you should send them a message. Explain the problem clearly and attach a photo or a short video if possible.
Leo: Good idea. The website says I have fourteen days to return the product.
Maya: That means you still have time. It can be inferred that the company should help you because the headphones arrived faulty.
Leo: So the cause is the faulty product, and the effect is that I can't use it.
Maya: Exactly. As a result, you need to ask for a refund or an exchange.
Leo: Thanks. I'll write to customer service today.
Maya: And next time, check the reviews before you buy something expensive online.
Leo: Definitely. This experience taught me to be more careful.

Słownictwo

While listening

Task A — Listen for gist

Przeczytaj pytania, a potem posłuchaj i wybierz właściwą odpowiedź.

  1. What is Leo's problem? a) He lost his phone. · b) His new headphones do not work. · c) He forgot his homework.

  2. What does Maya advise him to do? a) ignore the problem · b) contact customer service · c) buy another pair immediately

  3. What did Leo learn from the situation? a) to check reviews before buying expensive things online · b) to stop using headphones · c) to avoid online lessons

Klucz — Task A
✓ Check answers
1. b) His new headphones do not work.
2. b) contact customer service
3. a) to check reviews before buying expensive things online

Task B — Cause → effect → inference → advice

Uzupełnij tabelę informacjami z nagrania:

StepInformation from the audio
Cause…
Effect…
Evidence…
Inference…
Advice…
Klucz — Task B
✓ Show model answer
Cause: The headphones are faulty / the left headphone is silent.
Effect: Leo cannot use them for online lessons.
Evidence: He charged them for two hours, but nothing changed.
Inference: The company should help because the product arrived faulty.
Advice: Contact customer service and ask for a refund or an exchange.

Task C — True or false?

Task C — True or false?
  1. 11. Leo bought the headphones in a physical shop.
  2. 22. The left headphone is silent.
  3. 33. Leo threw away the receipt.
  4. 44. Maya tells Leo to contact customer service.
  5. 55. Leo has fourteen days to return the product.
  6. 66. Maya says he should check reviews next time.
✓ Check answers
1. False — he bought them online.
2. True
3. False — he has the receipt and the order confirmation email.
4. True
5. True
6. True

Uwaga

After listening

Task D — Connectors

Uzupełnij zdania słowami z nagrania: because, so, as a result, that means:

Task D — Connectors
  1. 11. The headphones are faulty, ______ Leo can't use them.
  2. 22. Leo should contact customer service ______ the product does not work.
  3. 33. The website says he has fourteen days to return the product. ______ he still has time.
  4. 44. The product arrived faulty. ______, Leo should ask for a refund or an exchange.
✓ Check answers
1. so
2. because
3. That means
4. As a result

Task E — Vocabulary focus

Znajdź angielskie odpowiedniki z nagrania:

  1. słuchawki
  2. wadliwy produkt
  3. paragon / dowód zakupu
  4. potwierdzenie zamówienia
  5. obsługa klienta
  6. zwrot pieniędzy
  7. wymiana produktu
  8. załączyć zdjęcie
  9. zwrócić produkt
  10. sprawdzić opinie
Klucz — Task E
✓ Check answers
1. headphones
2. faulty product
3. receipt
4. order confirmation email
5. customer service
6. refund
7. exchange
8. attach a photo
9. return the product
10. check the reviews

Task F — Inference

Wybierz najlepszy wniosek:

Sytuacja: Leo charged the headphones for two hours, but the left headphone is still silent.

Najlepszy wniosek: a) Leo probably forgot to buy headphones. b) The headphones are probably faulty. c) Leo should stop learning online.

Klucz — Task F
✓ Check answers
Correct answer: b) The headphones are probably faulty.
Why: The text gives evidence — he charged them, but they still do not work. This suggests a product problem.

Task G — Give advice

Odpowiedz w 2–3 zdaniach: What should Leo do and why?

Klucz — Task G
✓ Show model answer
Leo should contact customer service and explain the problem because the headphones are faulty. He should ask for a refund or an exchange and attach proof, such as the receipt or a short video.

Use it now — speaking

Wyjaśnij problem i daj poradę. Powiedz lub napisz 5–6 zdań. Użyj: 1 łącznika przyczyny (because / due to) · 1 łącznika skutku (so / as a result) · 1 zwrotu wnioskowania (This means that… / We can infer that…) · 1 porady (should / ought to / the best solution is…). Możesz zacząć: "The problem is that…" / "This happened because…" / "As a result,…" / "The customer should…"

Use it now — przykładowa odpowiedź
✓ Show model answer
The problem is that the headphones do not work. This happened because the product is probably faulty. As a result, the customer cannot use them for online lessons. This means that the shop should help. The customer should contact customer service and ask for a refund or an exchange.

Advice answer builder

Infografika

Advice answer builder

Text detail → problem → advice → reason → final answer

1

Text detail

The shoes are too small.

2

Problem

wrong size

3

Advice

exchange them

4

Reason

because they cannot be worn comfortably

5

Final answer

The customer should exchange the shoes because they are too small.

Pamiętaj: Drugi przykład: The service was slow → poor customer service → make a complaint → because the customer paid for the service.

Reading → speaking transfer

Text → speaking

Text detail → cause/effect → speaking answer

Zamień szczegół z tekstu w poradę

1The customer received the wrong product.
2the shop sent the wrong item, so the customer was unhappy
3The customer should contact the shop and ask for an exchange.
1The product stopped working after one day.
2the product was probably faulty
3The customer should return it and ask for a refund.

Szczegół → zależność → pełna, uprzejma odpowiedź z poradą.

Uwaga

Use it now: explain and advise

Use it now: wyjaśnij i doradź
  1. 1Situation: You bought headphones yesterday, but they do not work. You have the receipt.
  2. 21. What is the problem?
  3. 32. What is the effect?
  4. 43. What should you do?
"The headphones do not work, so the product is faulty.""As a result, I cannot use them.""I should return them to the shop and ask for a refund."

Uwaga

Mini-matura

Zadanie 1 — reakcja językowa

Your English friend says: I bought a jacket online, but it arrived damaged. Respond in English. Explain what they should do and why.

Zadanie 2 — speaking

Say whether online shops should always give refunds for damaged products. Give one reason.

Mini-matura — modelowe odpowiedzi
✓ Pokaż modelowe odpowiedzi
Zadanie 1: You should contact the shop and send them a photo of the jacket because it arrived damaged. You can ask for a refund or an exchange.
Zadanie 2: I think online shops should give refunds for damaged products because customers should get what they paid for.

Słownictwo

Kluczowe pojęcia

TerminDefinicja
causePrzyczyna: dlaczego coś się dzieje.
effectSkutek: co się dzieje w efekcie.
inferenceWniosek wyciągnięty z tekstu (nie podany wprost).
advicePorada.
cause markerZnacznik przyczyny (because, since, due to).
effect markerZnacznik skutku (so, therefore, as a result).
because„Ponieważ" — wprowadza przyczynę.
so„Więc / dlatego" — wprowadza skutek.
therefore„Dlatego / w związku z tym" — formalny skutek.
as a result„W rezultacie" — wprowadza skutek.
due to„Z powodu" — przed rzeczownikiem (due to the delay).
since„Ponieważ / skoro" — wprowadza przyczynę.
it can be inferred that„Można wywnioskować, że…" — sygnał wniosku.
this means that„To oznacza, że…" — łączy fakt z interpretacją.
shouldPorada: powinieneś.
canMożliwość / propozycja rozwiązania.
ought toPorada (jak should), nieco formalniejsza.
PEEL structureStruktura akapitu: Point–Evidence–Explain–Link.
customer serviceObsługa klienta.
refund / exchangeZwrot pieniędzy / wymiana towaru.

Checklist przed sprawdzianem

Sprawdź się przed sprawdzianem
  • Umiem znaleźć przyczynę i skutek w tekście.
  • Odróżniam fakt od wniosku.
  • Używam because / so / as a result poprawnie.
  • Potrafię dać poradę z should / can / could.
  • Uzasadniam poradę pełnym zdaniem.

Sprawdź gotowość

Utrwal materiał i sprawdź się — wybierz następny krok

Nauka języków

moduł

Ćwicz słownictwo, zwroty i komunikację w module Nauka języków.

Otwórz naukę języków

Sprawdzian

15–30 min

Sprawdź materiał z lekcji lub działu: vocabulary, grammar i krótkie odpowiedzi.

Zrób sprawdzian

Matura próbna

pełny arkusz

Przejdź do pełnej matury próbnej z angielskiego w formacie arkusza CKE.

Otwórz maturę próbną

Częste błędy

Częste błędy

Wrong: "Because the product was damaged, so I returned it"
The product was damagedso I returned it

"nie łącz because i so w jednym prostym zdaniu."

Wrong: "The customer was angry because refund"
The customer was angry because he did not get a refund

"po because daj pełne zdanie."

Wrong: "It was damaged, because I wanted a refund"
I wanted a refund because it was damaged

"przyczyna musi logicznie wyjaśniać skutek."

Wrong: "The shop should to help"
The shop should help

"po should czasownik bez to."

Wrong: "This means the customer must refund"
This means the customer should ask for a refund

"refund jako rzeczownik: ask for a refund."

Wrong: "As a result the customer complain"
As a resultthe customer complained

"w opisie przeszłej sytuacji użyj Past Simple."

Więcej częstych błędów
✓ Pokaż więcej błędów
Wrong: due to it was late → due to the late delivery — due to + rzeczownik, nie zdanie.
Wrong: The reason is because it was faulty → The reason is that it was faulty — the reason is that, nie because.

Źródła, format CKE i materiały ZPE

PODSTAWA PROGRAMOWA MENMEN / zakres zgodny

Język angielski — poziom A2/B1. Zakres: rozumienie tekstów, wyszukiwanie informacji, reagowanie ustne i pisemne.

FORMAT CKECKE / reading + speaking

Typowe użycie: pytania do tekstu, prawda/fałsz, dobieranie nagłówków, wypowiedź ustna do zdjęcia na poziomie A2/B1.

MATERIAŁY ZPE — INTERAKTYWNE4 materiały
Train Your Brain for Success — PrzeczytajZPE · materiałTrain Your Brain for Success — Sprawdź sięZPE · ćwiczeniaLet's Talk Theatre — Plik audioZPE · audioInformator maturalny — język angielski (formuła 2023)CKE · informator

Materiał MEN/ZPE, dostępny bezpłatnie.

przyczyna i skutekwnioski i poradyA2/B1 reading

Źródła: MEN — podstawa programowa języka obcego nowożytnego; CKE — informator maturalny i arkusze egzaminacyjne; ZPE — materiały interaktywne dopasowane do tematu lekcji.

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